Figured Bass: A musical notation system used during the Baroque period, consisting of a bass line with numbers and symbols indicating chords to be played above it.

Context and Significance

Figured Bass serves as a foundational tool in Baroque music, guiding performers in realizing harmonies through improvisation. Commonly used in compositions for keyboard instruments like the harpsichord and organ, it allows musicians to interpret the intended harmony with a degree of freedom. This system is essential for understanding the harmonic framework of Baroque music, enabling performers to bring historical authenticity to their interpretations.

Historical Background

Originating in Italy during the late 16th century, Figured Bass became a staple of Baroque music from 1600 to 1750. It evolved from the practice of basso continuo, where a bass instrument provided harmonic support. Composers like J.S. Bach and Handel utilized Figured Bass extensively, embedding it within their compositions to convey harmonic intentions. By the Classical period, the practice waned as more explicit notations developed, though it remains a critical study for Baroque performance.

Examples

In J.S. Bach’s cantatas, Figured Bass provides the harmonic structure for the basso continuo section, often performed by a harpsichordist who interprets the figures to create rich harmonic textures. Handel’s operas also employ Figured Bass, requiring performers to realize the harmonic progressions that support the vocal lines. These examples highlight the system’s role in shaping Baroque music’s sound.

Related Terms

Basso Continuo: A continuous bass part in Baroque compositions.

Realization: The process of interpreting Figured Bass symbols into chords.

Thoroughbass: Another term for Figured Bass, emphasizing its comprehensive nature.

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