Figured: In music, “figured” refers to the use of numerical symbols to indicate chords and harmonies, often seen in figured bass, where numbers denote intervals above a bass note.
Context and Significance
Figured bass is a staple of Baroque music, providing a shorthand for composers and performers to convey harmonic structure. It allows for improvisation and flexibility within a set harmonic foundation, commonly used with keyboard and continuo instruments. This system enhances the performer’s ability to interpret and embellish a piece, requiring a deep understanding of harmony and musical theory.
Historical Background
Originating in the early 17th century, figured bass played a crucial role in Baroque compositions. Composers like Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel utilized this technique extensively, allowing musicians to execute complex harmonies with ease. The development of figured bass coincided with the rise of basso continuo, a defining feature of Baroque music, providing a structured yet flexible approach to accompaniment.
Examples
Figured bass can be observed in Bach’s “Brandenburg Concertos,” where it underpins the harmonic framework. Handel’s oratorios also showcase this technique, providing a robust foundation for both vocal and instrumental parts. These works exemplify the use of figured bass to enrich musical texture and support elaborate melodic lines.
Related Terms
Basso Continuo: A continuous bass line with harmonies, essential in Baroque music.
Realization: The process of interpreting and playing figured bass.
Counterpoint: The combination of independent melodic lines.