Functional Analysis: A method in music theory used to understand the role and relationship of chords within a musical context by assigning functions such as tonic, dominant, and subdominant.
Context and Significance
Functional analysis plays a crucial role in music theory by providing insight into the harmonic structure of a piece. It is predominantly used in classical music and jazz to analyze chord progressions. By identifying the function of each chord, musicians can better understand the piece’s tonal center and how tension and resolution are created. This method is essential for composers and performers to develop a deeper understanding of the music they are interpreting or creating.
Historical Background
The concept of functional analysis emerged in the late 19th century, largely attributed to the work of Hugo Riemann. Riemann’s theories revolutionized the way harmonic relationships were understood, moving away from a purely Roman numeral-based analysis to one that considered the functional roles of chords. This approach became foundational in Western music theory, influencing how music was taught and analyzed throughout the 20th century and beyond.
Examples
In the analysis of Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5, functional analysis reveals how the dominant function is emphasized to create tension that resolves to the tonic, particularly evident in the famous opening motif. Jazz musicians, such as Thelonious Monk, often employ functional analysis to reinterpret standards, using chord substitutions that maintain functional roles while offering fresh harmonic perspectives.
Related Terms
Tonic: The central chord or key in a piece of music.
Dominant: A chord that creates tension, typically resolving to the tonic.
Subdominant: A chord that precedes the dominant, leading towards it.
Roman Numeral Analysis: A method of indicating chord functions using Roman numerals.